Construction Industry Statistics And Policy - 1344 Words

Chapter 1 introduction The construction industry is a major contributor to the UK and the world in general’s economies as a whole. In 2012 in the UK alone the gross value added was  £83 Billion accounting for 6% of the total economy for the UK according to the paper produced by Chris Rhodes for the House of Commons titled Construction Industry: statistics and policy. (1) Due to the scale of the contribution the construction industry makes to the economy it has been the focus of various reports and investigations with the aim of growing and improving the construction industry. One area that has been continuously highlighted in these reports and investigations is the area of defects and reworks which according to H.J.Eldridge it was†¦show more content†¦It is clear that the construction industry generates vast amounts of revenue and profits and the cost of reworks is an area where the main contractor or client must meet this cost from their profits or budget and its an issue that has not been rectified. For this reason major contractors are continuously taking actions to rectify this and implemented â€Å"zero defect† policies and action plans such as at Sir Robert Mcalpine who are at present attempting to implemented a policy of Regional Quality Leadership Team’s and have produced a charter with a vision statement, values and rules that alongside and an action plan for the purpose of producing projects of exceptional quality which are free of defects and snags. 1.1 Aim of research To investigate the factors required for a major contractors project manager/package manager to achieve a â€Å"zero defects† build, 1.2 The justification of the research The justification of the research comes from first hand experiences of the author who has spent eight years contributing to construction projects through various roles such as laborer, banks man, crane operator and latterly as a trainee package engineer working for various major contractors. In this time the author has encountered reworking and snagging lists covering the same works with the same causes and reasons on a recurring theme throughout the

The Doctrine Of Original Sin - 1537 Words

Uncontestably, Augustine is the most prominent and influential church father, for the Western Church. As the last of the ancient Christian writers, his theology not only formulated medieval scholarship; conversely, Augustine considerably impacted the theology of the Protestant Reformation. Regarding original sin and hamartiology, Augustine is the fountainhead, for both Protestant and Roman Catholic’s; however, he was not the originator of the doctrine. Depicting humankind’s solidarity with Adam preceded the teaching of Augustine, but none discussed humanity’s willful complicity in Adam’s sin as vividly and thoroughly. Imperative to understanding the doctrine of original sin is establishing the distinction between evil and sin, being†¦show more content†¦Understanding the Backdrop Augustine’s initial theological formulation of original sin came as a response to the Manichaean movement, with whom he affiliated for nearly ten years. The Manichaean doctrine of evil was utterly unacceptable to Augustine, especially regarding their absolute dualism of Light and Darkness struggling against one another. Augustine denied the existence of two â€Å"eternally antagonistic principles,† and affirmed that all that exists must come from God. Augustine, writing against the Manichaeans, asserts, Bring before our minds good things however great, which it is fitting that we attribute to God as their author, and these having been eliminated let us see whether any nature will remain. All life both great and small, all power great and small, all safety great and small†¦all peace great and small, and whatever other like things may occur, especially such as are found throughout all things, whether spiritual or corporeal, every measure, every form, every order both great and small, are from the Lord God. Augustine considered everything existent as created by God, the author of life and thus, everything was established for good. Thus, evil is not an entity, nor is it nature; ratherShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrine Of Original Sin2199 Words   |  9 PagesINTRODUCTION The doctrine of original sin refers to in Christian doctrine, â€Å"the condition or state of sin in which each human is born; also the origin of this state.† It is often viewed as one of the most difficult parts of Christian theology. The idea that Adam’s sin was imputed to the whole human race and that we are personally implicated with Adam, is a good example of a doctrine that has generated a great deal of debate. Some theologians go as far as to view the doctrine of original sin as ‘offensive’Read MoreOriginal Sin1617 Words   |  7 PagesDoctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to ones particular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why the doctrine was originated. OriginalRead MoreEssay on Original sin1612 Words   |  7 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Doctrines are used as a foundation to Christian beliefs. They serve to many churches as fundamentals in the direction their members chose to live their lives. It is important to understand the historical backgrounds of the doctrines that pertain to one’s partic ular beliefs. I will be discussing this very information for the doctrine of original sin. The doctrine of original sin mostly pertains to the Roman Catholic religion. I will be covering when, where, and why the doctrine was originatedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Original Sin1159 Words   |  5 PagesOriginal Sin In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth ex nihilo (out of nothing). 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How different would the world be if Adam and Eve did not bit the forbidden fruit? Would such sin still exist today? â€Å"If we confess our sins, he is faithful and just will forgive us our sins and purify us from all unrighteousness† (1 John 1:9 King James Version). It is important to keep in mind that no humanRead MoreAugustines Confessions Essays1099 Words   |  5 Pagesbaptized later. In 391 Augustine was appointed Bishop of Hippo. He is considered the greatest Church Father. He was a defender of the Catholic faith and wrote and developed many doctrines to combat the heresies of his day, including his most famous rejection of the Pelagian doctrine. Pelagianism denied original sin and affirmed the ability of human beings to be righteous by the exercise of free will. â€Å"Augustine insisted on the fallen nature of man and the need for salvation by divine grace. (592)† Read MoreWhat is the Meaning of Being Human?849 Words   |  3 Pagesand outlining their similarities and differences on what these two philosophers feel is the meaning of being human. Saint Augustines Doctrine of Original Sin and Immanuel Kants Categorical Imperative are two separate methods for taking a gander at evil. Both philosophers’ theories are different to a certain extent, Kant actually chooses to reject Augustines Doctrine totally however there are still a few likenesses between the two. Where Augustine believes that humankind is evil in light of the issuesRead MoreAnalysis: Edward Taylors Upon Wedlock, and Death of Children, and Upon A Wasp Chilled With Cold1153 Words   |  5 Pagesand joyous grace, you cannot have spiritual salvation while living on Earth. In other words, in order to make it in this earthly life, you need salvation from God in order to be freed from wrath of God and the consequences of sin. 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Business Ethics & Organization Studies-Free-Samples-Myassignment

Questions: 1.In your own words Identify and briefly describe two major ethical issues from the article titled Enron Ethic. 2.How might we enact and develop virtuous traits? How does this theory Compare to Consequentialist and Non-Consequentialist theories? 3.Do you think that Kelloggs CSR statement is sincere, or is the company merely trying to convince stakeholders that it is a socially responsible company? Assess Kelloggs CSR statement using Kantian theory. 4.Fair trade can sometimes be grounded in the assumption that it helps to address slave labour and give fair returns to farmers. What other perspectives on fair trade could be considered? Do corporations have a responsibility to the global Community? Answers: 1.The initial phase of the twenty first century has experienced a large number of organizational failures because of wrong ethical practices. According to Sims and Brinkmann lack of attention in organizational culture to ethical practice leads to organizational collapse and corruption. The Enron scandal is a significant example of organizational failure because of ethical misconducts in accounting and finance business (Soltani 2014). Through this corporate scandal the managements practice of pressuring the employees for improving the economic profit. Sims and Brinkmann showed how Enrons ethics showed the contradiction between promise and practice. It fore grounded the conflict between the organizations rotten structure and deceiving glossy (Sims and Brinkmann 2003). The auditor of Enron Arthur Andersen engaged in unethical practice by misrepresenting the financial statement. Enron kept hidden their financial problems from its investors and stakeholders (Giannetti and Wang 2016). The top management of Enron developed an organizational culture within the company that valued the bottom line profits above the right ethical practice. The leaders reaction to the crisis also brings the organizational value to the surface. The leaders started pointing and blaming each other. The accusations the leadership was receiving initially the deliberately overlooked it but after the accusations started coming to the surface they applied different strategies. The organization strategically fired everyone who started blaming the managements wrong pr actice before they officially announced it. The employees were forced by the leaders to stretch the ethical limitation as further as possible to achieve the next big financial target. 2.According to Aristotle if we obtain good habits we will be able to regulate our emotion and reason in a better way (Yu 2013). This will help us to take right moral decisions even in the difficult situations. In the critical thinking individual characteristic contribute significantly. The ultimate goal of happiness could be achieved if we build up virtuous character. He focused more on finding the mean than the moral virtue in order to cultivate a virtuous character. We have to act honestly in the right way at the right time. We must have to avoid extreme emotions and actions to be virtuous. To develop ourselves as the ethically virtuous human beings we have to cultivate human virtues not too little or not too much (YouTube 2012). In the consequentialsit school of virtue the morality is judged by the consequences (Portmore 2016). If the consequence results in positive way then it is considered to be ethically right but if it results negatively it is morally wrong. In the practice of Non-consequestialism the reasons are valued not the results. The intentions decide the ethical quality. The responsibility to do the right things drives us to engage in right ethical practice. Therefore both are focused on judging the actions in consequestialist and non-consequestialist theory but Artistotles virtue ethics judges the character. 3.The Customer Social Responsibility statement by Kellogg does not appear sincere. After examining the various issues it is evident that the company is superficially trying to convince the stakeholders that they highly value socially responsible service. Instead it has been found that they are engaged in irresponsible business and customer misguiding. The company has claimed to invest their money for improving public health by producing nutritious food products (Kelloggcompany.com 2017). The British Food Commissions investigation found that their Coco Pops bar is harmful for health as it contains high sugar and fat. Another product of the company the LCM bar also lack dietary fibre and carries high amount of saturated fat. These products highlight the contradiction between Kelloggs big promise and their practice. The unethical behavior of the company has come to the surface by their production of harmful food. The Kantian theory can be interpreted in the business CSR in various ways. One aspect would be acting by the universal laws. The theory encourages treating everyone as human beings and not just as a mean to achieve something. The organizations should treat stakeholders as persons, not like Kelloggs treatment towards it stakeholders. They are making false promises just to get more profit. The Kantian theory of subjects acting as a member of ideal kingdom can be interpreted as the organizations act as an ethically strong community (Michaelson et al. 2014). The CSR method by Kellog does not support the customers profit as they only want to ensure their own profit by producing potentially harmful products for public health. 4.The trade fair is also potential for the small producers for long term benefit. In a fair trade system helps them to nurture leadership and grow strongly bonded communities (Brett 2017). In the direct trade a single farmer gets benefitted but in the trade fair they gain profit collectively. Therefore the trade fair strengthens the farmer community. They increase their business by sharing knowledge and participating in the decision making. However there are different views on the topic as well. In the developing countries the market share is so small that it fails to influence the common living standards. The organizations do not engage in effective communication outside the corporations. Also though trade fair cuts off the middle man but the organizations cannot effectively transfer the full amount the producers. The organizations from the developed countries should engage more in improving the system. The corporations should allow average priced products in their markets by large quantities. Most private corporations in the world covers global economys three quarters, so there contribution to the global community is significant. The organizations must engage in responsible business and economic development. The organizations from the developed countries must address the issues such as food security. The corporations donating money also proves their interest to improve the global community. This not only helps its reputation to the global market bust also to its stakeholders. The corporations should participate more responsibly in order to break the monopoly of certain organizations and enhance the global corporate economy. The need of the global community must be addressed. The organizations should encourage sharing their values, working collaboratively and by strengthening the global commun ity developing a sustainable business. References Brett, A., 2017. Fairtrade, fair-trade, fair trade and ethical trade: reflections of a practitioner.Fairtrade Impacts: Lessons from around the world Rugby, p.121. Giannetti, M. and Wang, T.Y., 2016. Corporate scandals and household stock market participation.The Journal of Finance,71(6), pp.2591-2636. Kelloggcompany.com. (2017).Ethics Culture. [online] Available at: https://www.kelloggcompany.com/en_US/about-ethics.html [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Michaelson, C., Pratt, M.G., Grant, A.M. and Dunn, C.P., 2014. Meaningful work: Connecting business ethics and organization studies.Journal of Business Ethics,121(1), pp.77-90. Portmore, D.W., 2016. The Dimensions of Consequentialism: Ethics, Equality and Risk, written by M. Peterson.Journal of Moral Philosophy,13(6), pp.747-750. Sims, R.R. and Brinkmann, J., 2003. Enron ethics (or: culture matters more than codes).Journal of Business ethics,45(3), pp.243-256. Soltani, B., 2014. The anatomy of corporate fraud: A comparative analysis of high profile American and European corporate scandals.Journal of Business Ethics,120(2), pp.251-274. YouTube. (2012).Aristotle's Virtue Ethics. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruPdUxkqqoA [Accessed 26 Aug. 2017]. Yu, J., 2013.The ethics of Confucius and Aristotle: Mirrors of virtue(Vol. 7). Routledge.

Diaspora And The Global Implications Of Samâ€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Diaspora And The Global Implications Of Sam? Answer: Introducation The major concern of the report is to focus on the issues of Diaspora and the global implications of the same. The further concern of the report is the people related to this and the experience of them. The major quarry that has risen in this report is the changes and the situation that the people had to go through while going through this change. Background There is a huge difference between refugee and Diaspora. Refugees are those people who migrate from their place to some other place for a shorter period. Diaspora is to adapt with a particular area. By saying, this one means to adapt with the culture, food and even with the beliefs of that region. It is the state of homelessness. The movement from one place to another and the process of adaptation to that place is the idea of Diaspora. It means breaking the boundaries of state and nation. The term Diaspora can be traced back to the twentieth century in Greek. The term means to scatter or to spread. The idea came from the spread of Jews from the Israel (Mirzoeff, 2014). The idea developed more from this incident. They were abolished from their own homeland. The Diasporas are of different types and are for different reasons. Some aim at returning to the homeland, some are attached to their homeland because of the political reasons. Diaspora is a variation of migration. The Case And The Research Some migrations are the result of imperialism; some are because of the trade and commerce. The person who shifts from one place to another faces the diasporic predicament due to the lack of proper relationship with the host country. They feel a sense of homelessness. It is however not same for all. There is a hope that the left ones will return to his own homeland at once. The major change found due to the Diaspora is the language change and the cultural change. The newly settled members find it difficult to adapt with the new conditions of the new place. Diaspora is a global phenomenon. There are various instances of different Diasporas (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). African Diaspora is the remarkable one where the Europeans and the Arabs enslaved the Africans in the nineteenth and twentieth century (Burrell, 2016). The Arabs took maximum people from Africa as their slaves and sold them in the markets of Middle East. The Europeans took the slaves from the western and the central parts of the continent and sold them in the markets of Europe and America. At present many descends are found in the America (Walvin, 2016). In the later years, inter race marriages were held between the blacks and the non-blacks. During the Spanish exploration, the Africans voluntarily moved on to Africa and Europe (Mercer, Page Evans, 2013). The African Diaspora was to some extent the result of the voluntary movement. Apart from the slave trade, it was just the voluntary action. African Diaspora is the loss of identity. It is the feeling of statelessness with the advent of the colonial rule. Few glimpses of it are captured and found in some literary texts as well for e xample, Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad. The predicament is well observed in the text where there is a dilemma of the race and the imperialism. The loss of identity is the prime factor in it (Falola Sanchez, 2016). American Diaspora is comparatively low compared to the entire American population. The Americans gets low official permission to reside in some foreign land. The main reasons of the emigration are mainly the economic reasons, employment and marriage. The economic problem has remained a major problem in America throughout. The better economic opportunities outside America remained the major reason for the shifting of the mass from America to some other country. The situation can also be viewed from the other way round. America witnessed much immigration from the other countries as well. It saw the advent of many immigrants (Favell, 2015). The reason of the immigrations was same as well. The economic conditions, the social factors, and the educational factors were the main factors of immigrations. The children born in America are the official citizens of America. They are given the official right to stay there. While they return to their own place of identity, they are still known as t he citizen of US living abroad. They are frequently called the accidental Americans. They suffer the loss of identity both in the place where they were born and in their own place of origin. The feeling of homelessness remains in both the places, in America as well as in their native place. During the American revolutionary war, there was a huge increase in the American Diasporas. The Americans mainly shifted during the war to Canada and Britain (Ma Mung, 2005). During the First World War and the Second World War, a huge mass of population shifted to England (Tropicalimaginary.com, 2017). Great authors also relocated themselves to Europe in order to get better cultural situation. The Europeans also migrated to America in huge numbers (Geddes, A., Scholten, 2016). The main problem in the American Diaspora is the problem of taxation. America imposes tax on the members who stay abroad as well. The problem was so serious that the citizens decided to give up the citizenship of America. The citizens suffered the sense of loss of identity in America as well as in the overseas land. They had no particular identity of any particular place. They faced the predicament in their homeland as well as in the foreign land. The cold war and the civil wars fueled the problem. Living in some other country was something not a desirable one. The foreign country denied them the permanent citizenship of that country and they even lost the same from their native country. The migration therefore served just as a temporary solution not a permanent one. The host country never could give that self-identity to the immigrants. Therefore, the immigrant could never find attachment with any of the countries, the native country and the one in which they shifted. The Chinese Diaspora is another major example of loss of identity and migration to another region. Maximum people migrated from the Mainland of china to Singapore and in some other Asian countries. They experienced discrimination all over. Some major discrimination faced by them was in Philippines. The natives of the country claimed protection from the government firstly for themselves. The Chinese were treated as the secondary citizen and they were supposed to get the facilities after the natives. However, after the development in the economic field the citizens of china migrated back to their nation. Initially the maximum population in Singapore consisted of the immigrants. It was only after the year 1930 that the native population of Singapore increased. After the industrial revolution, the demand of the labors increased and the pressure on immigration increased (Allen, J. 2011). The vital reason of Chinese emigration was the mass starvation that happened in china. The people who migrated from china mainly were labors and they called themselves as coolie. They moved to work in countries like Australia, America, Singapore, and South Africa and in some parts of Asia. The Chinese laborers were treated badly in the foreign countries. The labor recruiters in the markets sold them and they were harshly treated. Some were promised of good payment and good life but some were deprived of their daily wages. In maximum cases they were ill paid. In many cases, it has been found that the labors suffered from the disease during the voyage to South Africa. The labors were contractual and they sometimes could not even return to their native place after their contracts expired because of the disease, which brought havoc death of many labors (Jianli, 2015). Analysis Of The Data Diaspora is not only the shift of the people but it is also the shift of the culture and the shift of religion. The Buddhist while migrating to china and Japan preached the doctrines of Lord Buddha there and made it famous in the foreign land. It became means for them to remain connected to their homeland. Diaspora existed as the linking means. The person who migrates to some other nation has an emotional attachment with their native place. This idea can be argued while analyzing the situation closely. The person who transfers from Africa no longer feels an emotional tie up with the nation. This is not same in all the cases. There are different typologies of Diaspora. It includes the classical one, which is the Chinese, and the migration of Jews. These are old and have a structure. There are another form of Diaspora, which is known as the veteran type, which includes the migration of Greeks and Italians. These are quite new but they are highly structured. The newly born Diasporas are of Koreans. Finally, there are the Americans in Europe and Asia, which can be mentioned as the sleeping Diaspora. The members involved in this type of Diaspora are no longer active (Buchanan, 2003). Solution Of The Data To bring out a logical conclusion to this study it can rightly b stated that Diaspora is the change of roots and routes. It includes the shifting of not only the mass but also the culture, identity and the religion. Though the perspectives have changed now but the same is still existing in today`s world. The reasons of migration have changed to some degree but the consequences of it are still the same. References Allen, J. (2011).Lost geographies of power(Vol. 79). John Wiley Sons. Brettell, C. B., Hollifield, J. F. (Eds.). (2014).Migration theory: Talking across disciplines. Routledge. Buchanan, M. (2003).Nexus: small worlds and the groundbreaking theory of networks. WW Norton Company. Burrell, K. (Ed.). (2016).Polish Migration to the UK in the'new'European Union: After 2004. Routledge. Falola, T., Sanchez, D. P. (2016). Redefining the African Diaspora: expressive cultures and politics from slavery to independence. Favell, A. (2015).Immigration, Integration and Mobility. Ecpr Press. Geddes, A., Scholten, P. (2016).The politics of migration and immigration in Europe. Sage. Jianli, H. (2015). Diaspora at War: The Chinese of Singapore between Empire and Nation, 19371945. Ma Mung, E. (2005). Diaspora, spatiality, identities.Comparative European Research in Migration, Diversity and Identities, Bilbao: University of Deusto, 33-48. Mercer, C., Page, B., Evans, M. (Eds.). (2013).Development and the African diaspora: place and the politics of home. Zed Books Ltd.. Mirzoeff, N. (Ed.). (2014).Diaspora and visual culture: representing Africans and Jews. Routledge. Tropicalimaginary.com/ (2017).Tropics of the Imagination conference 2017 - Singapore. [online] Tropics of the Imagination conference 2017 - Singapore. Available at: https://www.tropicalimaginary.com/ [Accessed 16 Sep. 2017].

Asias Growth Essay

Asias Growth Essay Asias Growth Essay The history of the great continent of Asia is rich and full of culture. Asia makes up 30% of the worlds land area and has about 60% of its people, according to World Book Encyclopedia. As a direct result of the size of this continent, it is also the most diverse continent in the world. All of the major religions were also established right in Asia according to The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology, including Buddhism, Hinduism and Christianity to name a few. Asia also has the world’s highest and lowest points located on its continent and its economy ranks amongst the top in the world. With all of this in mind the question, what makes Asia such a thriving continent; is pertinent. Asia has been the most populated continent since the 1960’s and has produced more capital than any other region to date. Asia was the first continent to establish cities, enforce laws and also the first to begin a farmer merchant relationship. Nearly 50% of the people of Asia make their living off of farming, yet and still with the overflow of people there still isn’t enough food in some Asian countries to accommodate everyone. This great continent has consistently been ahead of the rest of the world in many different areas; only to leave everyone else left guessing, how do they do it? Asia’s economy varies from very rich to very poor, with the best economic development coming from Japan and the worse from countries like Afghanistan, Cambodia and Nepal. According to Britannica, based on region Southwest Asia is predominately made up of middle class income, North, Central and South Asia is made up of a lower income population and Eastern Asia is the most prosperous with an upper class income. In the East, South and Southeast parts of Asia, industry is growing quickly; as the industry expands, these countries continue to flourish. Japan, China and India rank among the largest economies in the world! On the other hand most of the other Asian nations have very little manufacturing and depend a great deal on agriculture. Exporting has brought huge profit to Asia; among these included are vegetables, oil, zinc, iron ore, granite, nickel and even gold to name a few. Some countries trade things such as tea, rubber and tin also as a way to boost their economy. Other countries became contractors for foreign firms manufacturing things such as electronics, toys, clothes and shoes. Ultimately the different countries

KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY Essays - Pleistocene, World History

KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY Essays - Pleistocene, World History KENNYATTA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION MUSYOKA JOSEPH REG NO: E35/1979/2017 UNIT: UNIT NAME: TOPIC: DISCUSS THE CONTRIBUTION OF ARCHEOLOGY TO THE RECONSTRUCTION OF AFRICAN HISTORY Discuss the contribution of Archeology to the reconstruction of African history Africa is the birthplace of humankind and a continent of tremendous social and cultural diversity. As such, knowledge of Africa's past is central to understanding our species' deep history; the diverse pathways of our social, technological, and political economic development; and the mutually entangled character of our continentally siloed histories. For all but the last few centuries of its diverse and dynamic 2.5 million-year history, insight into Africa's rich and diverse pasts rests on material evidence generated through archaeological investigations (Ucko, 2000). Yet systematic archaeological study of Africa's pasts is relatively recent and characterized by significant temporal and geographical disparities; some time periods and areas have seen considerably more intensive research than others. While the cradle of civilization may have been in the Fertile Crescent, the birth of humanity laid in the heart of Africa. After the Diaspora of human beings around the world, people began to gradually forget about Africa as civilizations began to materialize. Up until the 18th century in fact, the area was largely serene, impervious of the perils of the humanity. When Imperialism began in nations, Africa was the final frontier. No one knew Africa. No one knew but those in Africa itself. This led to many explorers as they set out in the uninhabited jungles of Africa, touching on land their ancestors escaped from thousands of years before. Soon, Africa was divided up between many of the imperial powers. Each nation took their part. England with their superior status at the time took the most land. South Africa, which after conquest became English, soon had a major role in the affairs of imperialism. One man, Cecil Rhodes, and his vast fortune which continues to affect the world today, played the crucial role of leading England down the path of glory and wealth. African Historical Archaeologies is an interesting experiment. Beside the excitement of transplanting ideas that have succeeded somewhere else one may wonder if Africa is the right place for this battle. Africa has the longest record of human home on the planet. The principal hominins rose 6-7 million years prior, and among the soonest anatomically present day human skulls discovered so far were found at Omo Kibish. European archaic exploration is for the most part partitioned into the Stone Age (containing the Lower Paleolithic, the Middle Paleolithic, and the Upper Paleolithic), the Bronze Age, and the Iron Age. African archaic exploration is grouped in a somewhat extraordinary manner, with the Paleolithic for the most part partitioned into the Early Stone Age, the Middle Stone A ge, and the Later Stone Age. ( Isaac, 1971) After these three phases come the Pastoral Neolithic, the Iron Age and afterward later authentic periods. Africa's ancient times has been to a great extent overlooked, except for inquire about into early human development. Nonetheless, it is administered by the Pan African Archeological Association, whose individuals comprise of expert archeologists from all finished Africa. Notable too are the effects of preconceptions about Africa and its peoples on the questions posed and answers sought by archaeologists. Deeply held presuppositions led early scholars to deny the capacity of African peoples to make gains on what 19th- and early-20th-century European scholars envisioned as a singular progressive pathway, one modeled on the elevation of European and Near Eastern history to the status of a universal expectation. For early postcolonial archaeology, as for history, colonial dismissals of Africa's progressive capacity became a rallying cry for research aimed at demonstrating that Africa's past was dynamic and filled with examples of independent and early innovation. Recent postcolonial decades have seen expanded research, more nuanced engagements with questions of origins and connections, and growing attention to the formative role of material practice in the configuration of social life, as described in separate sections of this bibliography. The focus of this article is the breadth and depth of African archaeology. It directs readers to literatures on the history, goals, and practices of African archaeology, aiding readers unfamiliar with archaeology to gain insight into issues

Queen Margaret University College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Queen Margaret University College - Essay Example Furthermore, each discipline consists of two schools. The discipline of health and social sciences consists of School of Health Science and School of Social Sciences, Media, and Communication. On the other hand the discipline of business and arts consists of School of Business and Enterprise and School of Drama and Creative Industries. The current property and location of the college is in not in proper condition and at the same time is inflexible and not fit for purpose. Despite of the large amount of space the campus cannot be altered according to the needs and requirements. For this reason the overall utilisation rate is considerable low. Business Objectives: The main objective out of this project implementation and management is to increase the flexibility of the campus along with the increasing utilisation of the space allocated in order to increase the overall efficiency of the campus and reduce the cost associated with the whole process. Apart from this other objectives are to : Rationalise the property or estate of the campus and to replace the outdated facilities and space with the new one In order to come up with appropriate strategy for the space utilisation and to achieve use the space in efficient and effective manner. Increase the flexibility and versatility of the space and property in order to change it according to the changing requirements of the campus and schools. Problem Statement: The management of Queen Margaret University College is facing serious problems and issues with regard to the current estate of the college. Some of the problems and issues being faced by the management of Queen Margaret University College are as follow: The estate at Corstophine was in very bad condition as the property performed worst during the overall condition survey in the region. The room sizes in the campus were not according to the requirements of the school. The campus at Corsatophine was previously designed and being used for fulfilling the needs of the hospitality discipline and thus was not suitable for the classes of health and drama and for this reason cannot be altered. The campus at the Lieth site was also inflexible in reference to the use of the space. As Queen Margaret Univesity College has divided its schools and disciplines into different facilities therefore the management has to face the cost of the duplicate facilities. The current estate is reported to have low levels of utilisation during the utilisations surveys. At the same time it was also found that the existing facilities provided in the campus were not according to the needs and requirements of the teachers and research. Although the overall space and the of space per student full time equivalents was considerable in amount but due to the inflexibility it is not possible to alter it according to the needs and requirements of the students and teachers in order to increase the overall utilisation rate. Critical Assumption and Constraints: According to the manage ment of the college it was not beneficial and cost effective to invest in the current estate and property and it will be beneficial to shift to a new location which is not only small but is also flexible. At the same time the management has to be considerate about the environmental and financial constraints. The new campus should not only be financial sustainable but also environmentally sustainable. Also, the new campus will be financially supported by the amount gained through the disposal of the campus sites at Corstophine and Leith. Apart from the financial constraints the organisation also kept in mind the environmental constraints in order to make sure that there are no compliance issues and all laws and regulations are followed in appropriate manner.

Lab report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Lab report - Essay Example The ration of the extension in length to the original length is referred to as tensile strain. Consequently, modulus of elasticity of the material is obtained by finding the ration between tensile stress and strain. The measurement of extension of a material before it snaps enables the classification of the material or specimen as ductile or brittle. The yield strength of a ductile material is obtained when the expansion is 0.2 percent. In order to understand the behavior of materials under high stress or loading rates, impact test is done. Impact tests are usually done using Izod or Charpy procedures. Impact test on steel and plastic aims at establishing their toughness. Impact test determines the behavior of a material under high stress levels that include tension/torsion and bending of the material. A specimen in impact test is broken by a single blow is a specially designed device. The energy spent in breaking the specimen in a single blow is the quality of the material or specimen. The property of a material varies with variation in temperature, thus conducting the experiment at different temperatures allows for the determination of change in properties of the material as temperature changes. Steel has a yield value of 43 ksi, which is approximately the same as the expected value. Also, the tensile strength and strain as well as ultimate strength before the material snaps are approximately the same as measured value. The modulus of elasticity of aluminum measured value tends towards 11 Msi as it approaches power six, which is perceived as equal value. The measured value for Plexiglas is very close to expected value as seen in Table 1. The temperature of the specimen affects impact test on the specimen. Consequently, in order to determine the effect of temperature on impact test, a similar specimen is tested under two different temperatures. The measured value or behavior of the specimen at two

Service quality assessing and profiling of KPMG's organisation Essay

Service quality assessing and profiling of KPMG's organisation - Essay Example Specifically the two models are Lovelock and Wirtz’s Flower of Services Model, and the Molecular Model developed by Shostack. KPMG’s attributes as service company KPMG is a service company. It possesses the characteristics as detailed by Ronen and Pass (2010, p. 845) which are herein applied and discussed. (1) Its products are not physical in nature. KPMG specializes in audit, tax and advisory services as its principal products. It also provides â€Å"industry insight† – that is, the Company guides its clients in addressing the market challenges of their businesses. The services may be physically represented by the audit reports and advisories, but the content and substance, which comprise the service itself, are not physically tangible. (2) There is a large variance among KPMG and its competitors, in terms of customers, service types, service providers and service procedures. Often, audit and advisory providers specialize in a particular industry or busin ess. Furthermore accounting standards allow the accountant some discretion in their choice of accounting procedures, such as depreciation methods (Needles, Powers, & Crosson, 2010). Coupled with these small differences are the larger differences between businesses even in the same industry, which would justify the tailoring of services to that specific customer. (3) Compliance and control are not trivial. The services which KPMG extends to its clientele are of a highly specialized nature. The audit and tax procedures are strictly regulated by law and by the principles laid down by the accounting industry. Persons who serve in these capacities must be accountants duly... The firm that is analyzed in the paper is KPMG, a service company. It possesses the characteristics as detailed by Ronen and Pass which are herein applied and discussed. KPMG specializes in audit, tax and advisory services as its principal products. It also provides â€Å"industry insight† – that is, the Company guides its clients in addressing the market challenges of their businesses. The services may be physically represented by the audit reports and advisories, but the content and substance, which comprise the service itself, are not physically tangible. Often, audit and advisory providers specialize in a particular industry or business. Furthermore accounting standards allow the accountant some discretion in their choice of accounting procedures, such as depreciation methods. Coupled with these small differences are the larger differences between businesses even in the same industry, which would justify the tailoring of services to that specific customer. The servi ces which KPMG extends to its clientele are of a highly specialized nature. The audit and tax procedures are strictly regulated by law and by the principles laid down by the accounting industry. Persons who serve in these capacities must be accountants duly certified by the government, who are sworn to meet the high standards of their profession, failure in which may be penalized by disbarment. Furthermore, the professionals who provide advisory services and industry insights to clients are highly skilled and possess the mandatory qualifications in the technical, market, and business fields.

Implementation of international human rights treaties

Implementation of international human rights treaties I. INTRODUCTION Historically human rights have been seen to hold essentially against the State and society of which one is a member.[1] The implementation and compliance with international human rights treaties and obligations are eventually national issues, and it is the States that are under an obligation under the international human rights treaties to safeguard, uphold, protect, and promote the human rights of individuals within their respective territories. National and domestic mechanisms to protect the human rights of the citizens can take various forms. They primarily consist of the courts, ombudsmen, and the National Human Rights Institutions[2]. The concept of National Human Rights Institutions is a recent development among the mechanisms for the promotion and protection of human rights[3]. A National Human Rights Institution(hereinafter NHRIs) has been described as â€Å"a body, which is established by a government under the Constitution, or by law or decree, the functions of, which are specially defined in terms of the promotion, and protection of human rights.†[4] Though these institutions are especially intended to protect and promote human rights, they do not take over the role of the courts and the judiciary, legislative bodies, government agencies, political parties or NGOs[5]. They mainly monitor the human rights situation, audit laws, make recommendations, train personnel, educate the public, report to international bodies, hold inquiries. NHRIs can be of various forms, namely Ombudsmen, Hybrid Human Rights Ombudsmen, or Human Rights Commissions.[6] Since the effective protection of human rights necessitates flexible mechanisms that cannot ordinarily be provided within the traditional court system, national human rights institutions, â€Å"with their â€Å"complimentary mechanisms,† have become the much needed â€Å"third force† for the protection and promotion of human rights at the national level.†[7] Further since not all human rights violations are of such degree so as to attract international attention the NHRIs could perform these functions at the national level.[8] In India, the institutional framework for protection of human rights was enhanced when the Parliament enacted the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. It was under the mandate of this Act, that the National Human Rights Commission (hereinafter NHRC) was set up in India on 12 October 1993[9]. This Commission is among one of the first NHRIs established in the South Asian countries and also few among the NHRIs, which were established in the early 1990s.[10] This paper is an attempt to evaluate and assess the role of the NHRCs in protecting and promoting human rights of citizens. The paper begins with a brief history of the events which led to the formation of the National Human Rights Commission. The Paris Principles will be discussed and highlighted in this regard. The second part of the paper will deal with workings of NHRC and how in the recent years, the NHRC has gradually extended its jurisdiction, and have dealt with a wide variety of cases ranging from suggestions for police reforms to rights of disabled, health, rights of mentally challenged, food security, education, rights of minorities, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and internally displaced persons, etc.[11] The next part of the paper will deal with two specific issues the disappearance cases in Punjab and the right to food issue in Kalahandi, which has been successfully tackled by the NHRC. Finally the researcher will probe into the question as to how to further str engthen and increase the effectiveness of the NHRC. II. RESEACRH QUESTIONS What were the background events which led to the creation of the NHRC in India? How the has the jurisdiction of NHRC been expanded over the recent years? How has the NHRC dealt with the cases of ‘disappearance in Punjab and the ‘Right to Food case in Kalahandi? III. CREATION OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN HIGHTS COMMISSION IN INDIA For several years, the United Nations (hereinafter UN) has been vigorously trying to promote independent and effective human rights institutions, after recognizing that this may be the best way to ensure respect for human rights within the domestic sphere.[12] In the 1990s the UN strongly advocated the establishment of NHRIs, and encouraged the strengthening of the existing NHRIs. In 1991, the first major international meeting on this issue, took place in the Workshop on National Human Rights Institutions held in Paris[13], where the Principles relating to the Status of National Institutions (or the Paris Principles)[14] were adopted. The Paris Principles, subsequently endorsed by the UN Commission on Human Rights[15] and the UN General Assembly,[16] sets out the minimum criteria for the effective functioning of the NHRIs.[17] It calls for the establishment of independent commissions to protect human rights, and it has become the benchmark against which national human rights institut ions are measured. [18] The Paris Principles prescribe seven important principles which aim at creating independent and credible NHRIs. According to the Paris Principles, a NHRI must be: independent of the Government, with such independence guaranteed either by statutory law or constitutional provisions; be pluralistic in their roles and membership; have a broad mandate, which could collectively protect and monitor the implementation of human rights through various means, including recommendations and proposals concerning existing and proposed laws and policies; have adequate powers of investigation, capacity to hear complaints and transmit them to the competent authorities; be characterized by regular and effective functioning; be adequately funded and not subject to financial control, which might affect their independence; and be easily accessible to the general public.[19] Discussions surrounding the establishment of a NHRI in India dates back to 1991 India. Throughout the late 1980s India faced politically turbulent times, for the nation, especially Kashmir, Punjab and Assam was engulfed in a powerful wave of foreign-funded terrorist violence, which resulted in a severe loss of human life and property.[20] In order to combat these insurgency and secessionist movements which were gaining ground, the Indian Government deployed the army, the paramilitary, and the Border Security Forces, and enacted the draconian Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, 1987, that vested vast powers in the police.[21] The giving of sweeping powers to the police resulted in the rise of state-sponsored terrorism. The police flagrantly caused grave violations of human rights, indiscriminately, victimizing innocent persons.[22] This resulted in international outcry and ‘scathing reports were submitted by the Amnesty International and Asia Watch manifesting that abuses including torture, rape, custodial deaths, and disappearances committed by state security agents were actual and endemic[23]. The Government of India was heavily criticized for failing to punish the guilty and establishing a credible mechanism to monitor the situation and punish the guilty. [24] BILL CLINTON Apprehending indictment from the international community and a resultant fall-out with international financial institutions such as the World Bank, the Congress government, led by Mr. P.V. Narasimha Rao, and initiated discussions on establishing a National Human Rights Commission[25]. On 16 March 1992, the then Home Minister, Mr. S. B. Chaban stated that the goal of the proposed human rights commission was to â€Å"counter the false and politically motivated propaganda by foreign and Indian civil rights agencies†[26]. Further, Mr. V.N. Gadgil, the then official spokesperson of Congress (I) added, that the findings of the NHRC â€Å"will act as correctives to the biased and one-sided reports of the NGOs. It will also be an effective answer to politically motivated international criticism.†[27] Hence it is evident that prior to the formation of the NHRC the government had sought to utilize it to deter the criticisms by international community, instead of trying to create a mechanism for better protection of human rights. Many commentators labeled this initiative as an endeavor to counter the criticisms over Indias refusal to give access to international human rights groups for conducting research missions in various parts of India.[28]. It is in the midst of these criticisms that the President of India promulgated an Ordinance on September 28, 1993 providing for the creation of a National Human Rights Commission, human rights commissions in Indian states, and human rights courts. The NHRC came into effect on 12 October 1993 by virtue of the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. [29] IV. EXPANSION OF THE JURISDICTION OF THE NATIONAL COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS The National Human Rights Commission of India was constituted â€Å"for the better promotion of human rights and for matters connected therewith or thereto.†[30] It is a statutory body, having an independent and autonomous character, and is vested with powers, duties, and functions. Indeed over the past 17 years the Commission has endeavored to give a positive meaning and a content to the objectives set out in the Protection of Human Rights Act. It has moved vigorously and effectively to use the opportunities provided to it by the Act to promote and protect human rights in the country.[31] The Protection of Human Rights Act is divided into 8 chapters consisting of 43 Sections. Special powers are conferred to the NHRC under Section 10(2), according to which the Commission shall regulate its own procedure.[32]According to Section 3 the Commission shall consist of five members, three of whom should be from the judiciary and two from amongst persons having knowledge of, or practical experience in, matters concerning human rights. Selection of chairperson and members of the Commission is made on the recommendations of a committee consisting of the Prime Minister, Home Minister, Speaker and leader of the opposition in the House of the People and Deputy Chairman and leader of opposition in the Council of States. The Commission has various powers like inquiring suo motu against any public servant[33], intervening in any court proceedings involving allegations of a human rights violation provided the court approves of the intervention[34], monitoring prison or custodial practice and visiting any jail or any other similar institution[35] and making recommendations to State governments based on such visits. The Commission has the power to review the safeguards provided under the Constitution or any law relating to the protection of human rights[36], and review cases pertaining to terrorism, as well as to recommend appropriate remedial measures[37]. Section 12(f) empowers the commission to make recommendations for their effective implementation of international human rights treaties. While Section 12(g) provides for the promotion of research in the human rights field, Section 12(h) empowers the Commission to spread human rights literacy amongst various sections of the society, and to promote awar eness through publications, the media, seminars and other available means; It can also encourage efforts of NGOs working in the field of human rights[38], and can perform any other functions which are deemed necessary for the promotion of human rights. The role of the Commission is complementary to that of judiciary. On various occasions the Supreme Court has referred important matters to the Commission, while on the other hand the Commission has also taken specific cases of violation of human rights to the Courts. This complementary role of the National Human Rights Commission and the judiciary in India is an illustration of ‘best practice†.[39] Section 2 (d) of the Act defines â€Å"human rights† as â€Å"rights relating to life, equality, and dignity of the individual guaranteed by the Constitution or embodied in the International Covenants and enforceable by courts in India†. Thus it is evident that the law requires the NHRC to give more importance to civil and political than on social and economic rights.[40] However, the Commission has not limited its jurisdiction to only civil and political rights, but has expanded its jurisdiction and has dealt with wide variety of cases. Initially the efficacy of NHRC and the force of its recommendations within the limitations of its jurisdiction were doubted. It was thought that the Commission could make recommendations only with respect to matters within its jurisdictions. However, after 17 years of the functioning of NHRC belied these apprehensions[41]. The Commission has acquired high visibility and it has been identified as the major institution preserving the huma n rights culture in the country. It has constantly sought to interpret its powers and functions under the Act as expansively as possible keeping in mind its over-arching responsibility to protect the human rights of the people.[42] Since its inception, the Commission had started receiving numerous complaints with respect to violation of human rights by the police. The commission has intervened in cases on police reforms pending before the Supreme Court. It has dealt with cases regarding police administration and has set up a Police Complaint Authority in the office of the Director General of Police in each state in order to have a general oversight of the conduct of the police officials.[43] It has also given serious attention to improving the prevailing conditions in the jails, and about the conditions of the under trials, and mentally ill persons in prisons. With respect to the issue of custodial violence and urged people to report cases of custodial deaths, rapes etc, including those involved in the army and para-military forces should be reported to the Commission immediately.[44] The Commission is of the view that only realizing that political freedom would not be purposeful for the teaming millions of people who suffer from poverty and social evils unless economic, social and cultural rights are assured to them, the Commission, during the past few years has made serious efforts towards realization of economic social and cultural rights.[45] Since 1994, the Commission has been advocating for the right to free and compulsory education to all children until they complete the age of 14 years. The 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, which was passed in 2002, mandates that ‘the State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law, determine. It has also been actively involved in the drafting of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and soon after its adoption by the UN General Assembly, the Commission commended it to the Government of India for ratification, which has since been done. According to Article 33 of that Convention the Commission has initiated follow up action, and held regional workshops to spread awareness to various stakeholders about the provisions of the Convention. [46] Further, the Commission has also dealt with the right to Health and the need for Quality assurance in Mental Hospitals and prote ction of the rights of mentally ill. The Commission recommended compulsory rural attachment for the doctors and having nurse practitioners to resolve the issue of manpower.[47] On the direction of the Supreme Court, the Commission has been also supervising the enforcement of administration of laws against bonded laborers in various States. This involvement of the commission at the instance of the Supreme Court is an illustration of strategic alliance between the two institutions in securing human rights of the vulnerable.[48] Further, it has also taken care of the rights of those who are affected adversely by natural calamities. For example in the aftermath of the Orissa Super-cyclone, in 1999, the Commission had suo-motu taken cognizance of the situation, and made recommendations to the State Governments to ensure that the human rights of the marginalized groups -widows, orphans, tribals, destitutes are protected[49]. Commission took suo-motu cognizance of the communal violence which broke out broke out in the State of Gujarat on February 27, 2002 and has been seized of the issue since then. In 2003, the Commission filed a Special Leave Petition in the Sup reme Court to enforce â€Å"the right of fair trial† for all and a petition for transfer of nine serious cases for trial outside the State of Gujarat. [50]The intervention of the Commission has resulted in the transfer of some serious cases to outside Gujarat, reopening and retrial in significant cases and conviction of the guilty persons in ‘Best Bakery and Bilkis Bano cases[51]. Based on the Commissions efforts and advice, India has signed the Torture Convention, and has also signed and ratified two Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. It has been advocating for the ratification of the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the Torture Convention. Further it has also been advocating for a National Law on Refugees.[52] The Commission has also constituted a Working Group and an Advisory Committee including representatives of various departments of the Government, NGOs, and eminent lawyers to prepare a National Action Plan for Human Rights in 2006. The Working Group is focusing on areas like education; criminal justice system including police, prosecution court etc.; rights of vulnerable groups like women, children, bonded labourers, dalits, tribals, minorities, disabled and the elderly. Issues like right to food, water, health and environment, and righ t to social security globalization and human rights are also being dealt with by the Commission.[53] There has hardly been any aspect of economic, social and cultural rights which has not been dealt with by the Commission be it right to food, right to clean drinking water, right to shelter, right to health, right against discrimination, right to clean drinking water, right to shelter, right to against discrimination, right to health, right to a clean environment. Again they have dealt with rights of women, children, bonded labour, displaced persons, denotified and nomadic tribes, members of minorities group and those challenged with disability. V. DISAPPEARANCE CASES IN PUNJAB AND THE RIGHT TO FOOD CASE IN KALAHANDI: Since its inception in 1993, the Commission has dealt with various cases, some of which has been referred to by the Supreme Court, while some others, which the Commission has taken up suo motu. It has acted effectively to use the opportunities provided to it by the Protection of Human Rights Act to promote and protect human rights in the country. Among the important cases which were dealt by the Commission, the disappearance cases in Punjab and the right to food case in Kalahandi, Orissa are discussed below. A. PUNJAB MASS CREMATION AND THE DISAPPEARANCE CASES IN PUNJAB: During the 1980s, Punjab experienced a long insurgency marked by routine battles between insurgents and state forces[54]. From 1984 to 1994, thousands of persons in Punjab â€Å"disappeared† and were believed illegally ‘cremated as part of a brutal police crackdown to suppress insurgency outbreaks in the state.[55] Police counter-insurgency efforts involved cruelty, torture, forced disappearances, and a system of cash rewards for the summary execution of alleged Sikh militants. There were numerous instances of police abuses and there was no absolutely effort to account for these of forced disappearances and summary killings. The disappearance of young men suspected of being either being terrorists, or having links with terrorists, became persistent and incidents like enforced disappearances and mass cremations in Punjab continued to take place, resulting in the death of many innocent and ordinary civilians.[56] It is to be noted that international law requires that State s investigate all cases of forced disappearances in which State liability is at issue, and obliges the state to conduct thorough investigations of all allegations of forced disappearances and to provide a remedy to the victims. Hence, India was obligated under international law to investigate all cases of alleged disappearances across Punjab.[57] In 1994, Jaswant S. Khalra, Chairman of the Human Rights Wing of the Akali Dal, and Jaspal S. Dhillon, then General Secretary of the Wing, responding to the reports of mass disappearances took initiatives to investigate the alleged illegal cremations conducted by the Punjab Police between 1984 and 1994 in three crematoria in Amritsar district.[58] After publicizing their findings, Khalra, filed a writ petition in the Punjab and Haryana High Court by Khalra to investigate these mass cremations. However, since the High Court dismissed his petition on grounds of vagueness, and absence of sufficient proof, Khalra moved to the Supreme Court[59]. Two writ petitions[60] were filed before the Supreme Court, which prayed that the State should be held liable for the flagrant violation of human rights and the mass secret cremations. The Supreme Court after examining a report submitted by the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) pointed out that the report stated that almost 585 dead bodies were fully identified, 274 were partially identified, and 1238 were unidentified.[61] On 12 December 1996 the Court requested the NHRC to examine the matter in accordance with law and determine all issues relating to the case.[62] While the case was pending before the Supreme Court, the police abducted Khalra. The Supreme Court ordered the CBI to investigate the abduction and under Article 32 of the Constitution, gave the NHRC an open order to investigate disappearances the NHRC to investigate allegations of mass illegal cremations in Punjab on 12th December 1996[63]. Though the case is still pending before the Commission for final consideration, the Commission has recommended compensation of Rs. Two lakh fifty thousand to each of the next of kin of 195 deceased identified to be in the custody of police and Rs. One lakh seventy-five thousand to each of next of kin of 1103 identified persons whose dead bodies were cremated by the police, amounting to Rs. 24,27,25,000.[64] Compensation is granted based on the jurisprudence developed by Indian courts relating to legal standards for remedial, reparatory, punitive, and exemplary damages for human rights violation.[65] It further acknowledges that monetary or pecuniary compensation is a proper, effective and sometimes maybe the only remedy for redressing the infringement the basic human rights of a citizen by public servants and the State. [66] According to the Commission, the claim of citizens who are affected is based on the principle of strict liability, where the citizen must invariably receive comp ensation, and the defense of sovereign immunity is not available[67]. B. KALAHANDI AND RIGHT TO FOOD CASE IN ORISSA: The NHRC has since long maintained that right to food is inherent to living a life with dignity. It has also expressed that right to food includes nutrition at an appropriate level. [68] Since December 1996, the Commission has been dealing with complaints alleging starvation deaths in Koraput, Bolangir and Kalahandi districts of Orissa. The case started in 1996 when the when the Commission took cognizance of a letter from Mr., Chaturanan Mishra, the then Union Minister of Agriculture, with respect to deaths caused by starvation after the drought in the Bolangir district of Orissa.[69] On December 23rd, 1996, under Article 32 a writ petition was filed by the Indian Council of Legal Aid and Advice and others, before the Supreme Court. In the petition deaths by starvation was alleged and that it continued to occur in certain districts of Orissa. [70]On 26th July 1997, it was pointed out by the Supreme Court, that since the matter had been seized with the NHRC and the NHRC was likely to deliver a direction in this case, the petitioner should approach the Commission.[71] The Commission acted immediately and prepared interim measures for a two-year period. Further it requested the State Government of Orissa to constitute a Committee for inspection of all aspects of the land reform question in the affected districts.[72] For monitoring the progress of implementation of its directions, a Special Rapporteur was also appointed. The Commission came to the conclusion that starvation deaths reported from some pockets of the country were most certainly as a result of the consequence of mis-governance resulting from acts of omission or commission on the part of public servants. [73] It was firmly stated that ‘to be free from hunger is not only a fundamental right of the citizens of India, but is also a basic human right[74]. Starvation, hence, results in a gross denial and violation of this right. In order to ensure quality execution of Right to Food, the Commission has recommended setting up of Committees which would monitor the access and availability of food grains to the most vulnerable sections of the society.[75] After organizing a meeting with the leading experts on the issue of right to food, in January 2004, Commission approved the constitution of a Core Group on Right to Food. [76] This Core Group will have the power to advice on issues referred to it and also suggest appropriate measures, which can be undertaken by the Commission.[77] It has also issued the guidelines on the constitution and functioning of such committees to all the State governments and the Central Ministries.[78] If these committees are implemented in a proper manner, they can act as Watch Committees, paving the way for a ‘hunger free India. Further the Commission has also drafted a National Action Plan on Right to Food, and is also seriously monitoring malnutrition in Maharashtra.[79] The manner in which the Commission has dealt with the above two cases, has firmly established that in India, both the courts and the Commission are beginning to treat the economic, social and cultural rights are being treated at par with civil and political rights. India is the few countries in the world to have accorded justiciability of economic, social, and cultural rights.[80] VI. CONCLUSION Though every nation has its own priorities and goals to achieve, there are certain minimum standards which they are expected to fulfill, in order to meet their international human rights obligations and the larger world order. The Paris Principles, adopted by the General Assembly is the edifice on which national human rights institutions have been set up. A free and fully autonomous national institution is the best guarantor for the protection of human rights within the domestic sphere and the National Human Rights Commission of India is fully conscious of the same. It is evident from the preceding sections that with the advent of National Human Rights Commission, human rights protection has taken a leap in India. Inspite doubts about the Commissions independent functioning, it has surprised both the domestic and international community with its decisive and credible actions. The Commission, ever since its inception, has always tried to expand the reach of its jurisdiction, and has b een seriously engaged in the protection of economic and social rights. It has dealt with number of issues like right to food, right to clean drinking water, right to shelter, right to health, right against discrimination etc. However, there are areas where there are avenues for improvisation. The Commission must be able to provide concrete remedies to the hapless victims, and must be vested with explicit powers of prosecuting delinquent public servants in case it finds sufficient evidence of violation human rights. Further it must also be empowered to refer any person for prosecution who for no reason obstructs the functioning of the Commission. This will provide teeth to the system.[81] It is only then that the Commission will be able to investigate cases in a proper manner. Given the fact that the task of protecting and preserving the human rights in the India is task of huge magnitude, the Commission needs to prioritize its work if it seeks to be an effective institution. Hence the Commission needs to identify concrete goals, methodologies which could help them in attaining and accomplishing their goals. Also there is a need to set time-frames within which the goals are to be met. Further, since the implementation of the recommendations of the Commissions by the government is vital to the Commissions success, there should be a â€Å"statutory ensurement† that the NHRCs recommendations will be faithfully considered by the government[82]. Hence the Commission should be vested with enforceable powers to ensure that its decisions and recommendations are implemented. It is only then that the Commission can truly become and remain an effective agent for promoting and protecting human rights of teeming millions. V. BIBLIOGRAPHY PRIMARY SOURCES Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993 Principles Relating to the Status of National Institutions (or the Paris Principles) Punjab Mass Cremation Order, 19 April 2005 National Human Rights Commission of India, Report from Forum Members presented by Dr. Justice Shivaraj V. Patil, 1st August 2006 Amnesty International Report, India: Torture, Rape, and Deaths in Custody, AI Index: ASA 20/006/1992, 1992. SECONDARY SOURCES BOOKS AND JOURNALS Abul Hasnat Monjurul Kabir, Establishing National Human Rights Commissions In South Asia: A Critical Analysis Of The Processes And The Prospects, Asia-Pacific Journal On Human Rights And The Law, 2001, Volume 2, Number 1, 1-53. Anne Smith, The Unique Position of National Human Rights Institutions: A Mixed Blessing?, Human Rights Quarterly 28 (2006) 904-946. B.P. Singh Sehgal, Human Rights in India: Problems and Perspectives, New Delhi, 1st ed., 1999. C. Raj Kumar, National Human Rights Institutions: Good Governance Perspectives on Institutionalization of Human Rights, 19 Am. U. Intl L. Rev. 259, 2003 C.J. Nirmal, Human Rights in India: Historical, Social, and Political Perspectives, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 3rd ed., 2004. Dr. Ashwini and Kataria, Law Relating to the Protection of Human Rights, Orient Publishing Company, 2nd ed., New Delhi, 2005. Jaskaran Kaur, A Judicial Blackout: Judicial Impunity for Disappearances in Punjab, India, 15 Harv. Hum. Rts. J. 269. Justice J.S. Verma, The New Universe of Human Rights, Universal Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, Delhi, 2004. M. Kumar Sinha, Implementation of Basic Human Rights, Manak Publications, New Delhi, 1999. Mohd. Shabbir, Quest for Human Rights, Rawat Publications, New Delhi, 1st ed., 2005. Performance Legitimacy: National Human Rights Institutions, SSRN BOOK Sankar Sen, Human Rights and Law and Enforcement, Concept Publishing Co., New Delhi, 1st ed., 2002. Vijayashri Sripati, Indias National Human Rights Commission: A Shackled Commission?, 18 B.U. Intl L.J. 1, 2000. INTERNET SOURCES: Andrew Byrnes, Andrea Durbach and Catherine Renshaw, Joining the club: the Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions, the Paris Principles, and the advancement of human rights protection in the region, http://ssrn.com/abstract=1397466. Dr Subhash C Jain, The Commonwealth and Human Rights: An Indian Perspective, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 1999 available at www.rcs.ca/colloquium/Jain.doc (Last visited on March 31, 2010) Excerpts from NHRC India Paper for Universal Periodic Review, available at, http:/

Adam Smiths Lectures on Jurisprudence Essay -- Economics Lectures Jur

Adam Smith's Lectures on Jurisprudence Adam Smith, in his Lectures of Jurisprudence, makes an argument for the necessity of marriage through biological mechanisms. While superficially similar, his arguments seem to differ greatly from the modern notion of how labor is distributed within the household. Instead of examining the comparative advantages in production between the husband and the wife, Smith seems to focus on the importance of lineage and, more specifically, inheritance. The foundation of Smith’s argument for the necessity of marriage is rooted in children. He begins with examples contrary to the human experience. He finds that in mammals, since â€Å"the support of the young is no burthen to the female† any further relation is seen as unnecessary (Smith 438). Birds, however, â€Å"some such thing as marriage seems to take place† (438). He quickly counters with: â€Å"but whenever the young can shift for themselves all further inclination ceases† (438). The essential piece of this argument here is the demands made on the parent by the child. According to his argument, th...

Usain Bolt

Usain Bolt Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt is arguably the fastest man in the world, winning three gold medals at the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, and becoming the first man in Olympic history to win both the 100-meter and 200-meter races in record times. Bolt won his fourth Olympic gold medal in the men's 100-meter race at the 2012 Summer Olympic Games in London, beating rival Yohan Blake, who took silver. Bolt ran the race in 9. 63 seconds, a new Olympic record, making him the first man in history to set three world records in a single Olympic Games competition. The win marked Bolt's second consecutive gold medal in the 100.Bolt went on to compete in the men's 200, claiming his second consecutive gold medal in that race. He is the first man to win both the 100 and 200 at consecutive Olympic Games, as well as the first man to ever win back-to-back gold medals in double sprints. Usain Bolt was born in Jamaica on August 21, 1986. Both a standout cricket player and a sprinter ear ly on, Bolt’s natural speed was noticed by coaches at school, As early as age 14, Bolt was wowing fans of sprinting with his lightning speed, and he won his first high school championships medal in 2001, taking the silver in the 200-meter race.Bolt announced that he would run the 100-meter and 200-meter events at the Beijing Summer Olympics. In the 100-meter final, Bolt broke the world record, winning in 9. 69 seconds. Not only was the record set without a favorable wind, but he also visibly slowed down to celebrate before he finished (and his shoelace was untied), an act that aroused much controversy later on. Bolt's achievements in sprinting have earned him numerous awards, including the IAAF World Athlete of the Year (twice), Track & Field Athlete of the Year and Laureus Sportsman of the Year.

5 cambios de RAISE Act para sacar la green card

5 cambios de RAISE Act para sacar la green card El à ºltimo intento para llevar a cabo una reforma migratoria en Estados Unidos es la propuesta de ley conocida como RAISE Act, presentada en el Senado por los senadores Tom Cotton de Arkansas y David Perdue de Georgia. RAISE significa Reforma de la Inmigracià ³n a Estados Unidos para el Fortalecimiento del Empleo  (Reforming American Immigration for Strong Employment en inglà ©s). El RAISE Act fue presentado pà ºblicamente en la Casa Blanca, demostrando asà ­ que cuenta con el apoyo del Presidente Donald Trump. Esta propuesta, en el remoto caso de ser aprobada y convertirse en ley, cortarà ­a el nà ºmero de inmigrantes que se permite que ingresen a los Estados Unidos anualmente aproximadamente a la mitad.   En otras palabras, se pasarà ­a de aproximadamente un millà ³n de migrantes legales que obtienen la tarjeta de residencia cada  aà ±o fiscal  a unos 500.000.   Adems, los cambios que se contemplan son numerosos, destacando los que afectan la emigracià ³n por razones familiares, de trabajo, inversià ³n, asilo y loterà ­a de la diversidad. Emigracin por vnculos familiares En la actualidad, 3 de cada 4 inmigrantes se convierten en residentes permanentes legales por una peticià ³n familiar. Los cambios segà ºn RAISE Act serà ­an los siguientes: En primer lugar, los ciudadanos americanos  solo podrà ­an pedir a sus cà ³nyuges, hijos solteros menores de edad y padres. Respecto a estos à ºltimos, la residencia serà ­a temporal y los ciudadanos patrocinadores deben asegurarse de que sus patrocinados tengan seguro mà ©dico y de que nunca se conviertan en una carga pà ºblica. Con el nuevo sistema, los ciudadanos no podrà ­an pedir a sus hermanos, hijos casados de cualquier edad o hijos mayores de edad. En segundo lugar, los residentes permanentes legales solo podrà ­an pedir a sus cà ³nyuges e hijos solteros menores de edad. Es decir, con la nueva ley desaparecerà ­a la categorà ­a que permite solicitar la green card para los hijos mayores que permanecen solteros. En tercer lugar, un cambio importante afectarà ­a la edad de algunos migrantes, ya que con la nueva ley el tà ©rmino menor, o child en inglà ©s, aplicado a los hijos pasarà ­a a significar soltero que es menor de 18 aà ±os. En la legislacià ³n actual se considera menor de edad para  efectos de estas peticiones a los menores de 21 aà ±os que son solteros. Por à ºltimo, se mantendrà ­a la posibilidad de solicitar a cà ³nyuges en el caso de parejas homosexuales. Es decir, las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos reconocen y seguirà ­an reconociendo la validez de los matrimonios entre un hombre y una mujer y tambià ©n los de dos personas del mismo sexo. Emigracin por trabajo El cupo de migrantes admitidos anualmente bajo esta categorà ­a se mantendrà ­a igual: 140.000, nà ºmero que incluye tanto al trabajador patrocinado como a su familia inmediata. Sin embargo, habrà ­a un gran cambio en la forma de ingresar, ya que RAISE Act contempla un sistema de puntos que en la actualidad no existe, en el cual se valorarà ­an y puntuarà ­an: Tener una oferta de empleo bien pagada (13 puntos, que varà ­an en funcià ³n del salario)Conocimiento  del idioma inglà ©s (mximo de 12 puntos)Edad (mximo de 10 puntos, siendo la puntuacià ³n mxima los 25 aà ±os)Estudios (mximo 13 puntos, valorndose ms las licenciaturas sacadas en Estados Unidos y los estudios superiores en ciencias, ingenierà ­a, matemticas o tecnologà ­a, lo que en inglà ©s se conoce como STEM).Inversià ³n de $1.35 millones (12 puntos)Logro extraordinario, como por ejemplo Premio Nobel o atleta olà ­mpico (mximo de 25 puntos)Haber tenido una peticià ³n de green card pendiente en una de las categorà ­as que ahora se eliminan (mximo de 2 puntos). Cada aà ±o fiscal, los candidatos podrà ­an presentarse y obtendrà ­an la green card quienes tengan mayor puntuacià ³n segà ºn el cupo. Los rechazados podrà ­an presentarse en los aà ±os sucesivos. Eliminacin de categora de green card a cambio de inversin Segà ºn la legislacià ³n actual, es posible  comprar la green card para inversionistas  con un monto mà ­nimo de medio millà ³n de dà ³lares de inversià ³n. Con el RAISE Act, el mà ­nimo serà ­a de $1.35 millones y pasarà ­a a ser una forma ms de obtener puntos para sacar la green card dentro de la categorà ­a de trabajo. Emigracin por cuestiones humanitarias El RAISE Act limitarà ­a por ley a un mximo de 50.000 personas por aà ±o fiscal el nà ºmero de refugiados que pueden ingresar a los Estados Unidos bajo esa categorà ­a, limitando asà ­ el poder del presidente para modificar esa cifra, tal y como se hace ahora, en base a crisis humanitarias o a la polà ­tica exterior del paà ­s. Emigracin por la lotera de visas En la actualidad, cada aà ±o fiscal se sortean 50.000 tarjetas de residencia permanente bajo el programa de la loterà ­a de visas de la diversidad. El ganador puede emigrar legalmente a los Estados Unidos junto con su cà ³nyuge e hijos solteros menores de edad. El RAISE  Act pondrà ­a fin a esta posibilidad gratuita en la que participan cada aà ±o unos 15 millones de personas de todos los paà ­ses autorizados (los ciudadanos de los paà ­ses con altas tasas de emigracià ³n hacia los Estados Unidos estn excluidos). Por qu es importante estar informados sobre el RAISE Act? En la actualidad es muy poco probable que este proyecto se convierta en ley porque no tiene los votos necesarios para ser aprobado en el Senado primero y luego en la Cmara de Representantes. Sin embargo, es importante conocerlo porque muestra muy claramente cules son las directrices que favorecen un buen nà ºmero de legisladores republicanos en materia migratoria. Y, por supuesto tambià ©n sus votantes y el presidente. Tambià ©n es recomendable estar informado para evitar ser và ­ctima de fraude migratorio. Cada vez que se habla de un posible cambio en las leyes hay personas inescrupulosas que venden lo que en realidad no existe con el à ºnico fin de ganar dinero explotando el miedo y la angustia de los migrantes. Estos son 10 telà ©fonos para obtener informacià ³n migratoria y, en caso de fraude, dà ³nde se puede denunciar. La mejor forma de estar a salvo es conocer la ley  tal y como es y estar alerta. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

How Juliet is presented in Act 1 Scene 5 in the play and in Baz Luhrmanns film version Essay Example

How Juliet is presented in Act 1 Scene 5 in the play and in Baz Luhrmanns film version Essay Example How Juliet is presented in Act 1 Scene 5 in the play and in Baz Luhrmanns film version Paper How Juliet is presented in Act 1 Scene 5 in the play and in Baz Luhrmanns film version Paper Essay Topic: Romeo and Juliet Juliet is presented very similarly in both the film and in the text version when comparing in Act 1 Scene 5. This is the scene where Romeo and Juliet first meet each other and immediately fall in love. Although their presentation is largely the same, there are some slight differences. Juliet’s first meeting with Romeo reveals a lot about their newfound love. In the play version, Juliet’s first interaction with Romeo is in the form of continuing a sonnet, like, â€Å"much†¦touch† â€Å"this†¦kiss†. This immediately shows how much they are in unison and in love, as they are seamlessly able to continue the pattern of each other’s words. In the film version, this relationship is emphasised when Juliet talks like this to Romeo while she is still standing next to Paris. This is to emphasise how they have never seen true love until this point, as even though in Act 1 Scene 3, a only a few hours before this point, she said she would â€Å"look to like Paris†. This demonstrates the idea of â€Å"love at first sight very clearly†, as even though she is standing next to the man she is supposed to be loving, she still takes time out to talk romantically to Romeo. Even before this point, however, their fight true sighting is through a fish tank. This fish tank is not totally clear, but the two can still see each other through it. This signifies the fact that their love will be pure, but may not be totally problem-free. This may be used as a technique to show Juliet and Romeo to be future-tellers and can almost see their demise, but will not respond to it because they are so infatuated with each other. Juliet’s reaction when she realises that Romeo is a Montague reveals a lot about her love for Romeo. In the play, Juliet has a suspicion that Romeo is a Montague, so asks her Nurse to go and enquire about the identities of some of the men she sees. She is being very clever in the scene, asking the identity of a totally unrelated man before asking the Nurse to find out the identity of Romeo. This is used to deceive the Nurse, so she cannot get in the way of her love. This shows how obsessed she is with Romeo, as she is willing to lie to her childhood mother-figure in order to get to her love. This is not the same as in the film, as the Nurse will scold Juliet for kissing Romeo. In the play, Juliet is portrayed as braver, as she does not seek a private place to show her affection for Romeo. She risks revealing her true love because she cannot wait to stop and show his affection for him. This means that in both the film and the text version, she finds Romeo too interesting to think about anything else, so when she finds out that Romeo is a Montague, she finds it almost too difficult to bear. In both versions, she says â€Å"My only love sprung from my only hate. â€Å"Only love† signifies a very true sense of love, so in both versions, she is seen to be a character who either very easily falls in love, or finds true love in the play. Contextual changes have been made to the character of Juliet in the film compared to the play. In the play, love was often a very rushed, not thought about matter, and some couples did not even meet each other until their marriage day. This corresponds to the play, because as soon as they meet each other, they agree to kiss. However, in the modern day, love tends to be more thought about, and couples spend some time properly knowing each other before they marry. This corresponds to the film, as Romeo and Juliet meet one another through a fish tank before asking to kiss. This represents the considered approach to love today, so can be described as accurate to today’s world. Overall, Juliet is portrayed as a very similar character in both the film version and the play version, and there are only slight differences, like making her love public and also not deceiving her Nurse. To conclude, the play and the film are very similar in their views of Juliet, but the film, being visual, provides us with more clues about her true character.

Factors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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E Ink Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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The Interior Market of Dehenhams in 2014 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

The Interior Market of Dehenhams in 2014 - Essay Example Some of the notable designers include Ted Baker, Jane Packer, Erickson Beamon, Janet Reger, Matthew Williamson and Ashley Thomas among others. Based on its high investment in British design for the last 20 years, Debenhams has benefited from a stable financial position that has assisted the company in expanding to other countries. This paper discusses the direction that Debenhams interiors market is heading for 2014 with reference to its customers, products, and the retailer. The consumer In efforts to increase its sales, Debenhams has embarked on increasing the number of customers who purchases its products. Debenhams customers are individual consumers who cut across the whole family regardless of gender, age, and social status as well as foreign customers. Its main business is in clothing though they have adopted various strategies in order to successfully tap footwear industry (Data monitor, 2011). Majority of the customers are women who spend few minutes to almost the whole day i n the stores. The time spent by the customers in the store varies from one store to another depending on their purchasing power. For example, most customers who visit White rose store are middle class earners and spend less time compared to the other store in the city center. They have customer who visit their store on weekly and monthly basis but on average a customer visits the store every quarter and spends about half a day in different sections shopping. More to that, the store boost itself based on increased number of online shoppers through its website as well as their iphone application for the smart phone users and a video facility that offer online display of products, well known designers interviews and photo shoots. (Data monitor, 2011). The company controls 17 percent market share in the clothing industry in United Kingdom. (Data Monitor, 2011). However, many customers visit the stores to compare prices and may end up visiting the store several times without making a pur chase and when they does it, most probably it will be an impulse buying of another product rather that what they needed in the first place. In UK, most shoppers have changed from using traditional shopping method to the internet based shopping. Debenhams has opted to use different channels to reach its target consumers; it has convectional stores as well as online kiosks (Neolane, 2013). It also allows its customers to order products that are not available on their shelves for the same day delivery. Clients adopt shopping methods that suits them. Debenhams customers who adopt new channels are frequent and valuable than then store shoppers (Data Monitor, 2011). Most customers are embracing these changes because online channels offer convenience and are slightly cheaper. This is especially so for Debenhams since most of their customers are women who are busy with family and tight working schedule. Customers are also given ample opportunities to compare the prices of the three products that include furniture, outdoor and lighting brands. In line with this, the company has enhanced its online shop, reduced the delivery period and increased its range of products.